Pressure injury prevention measures: overview of systematic reviews.

OBJECTIVE: Summarizing the evidence from systematic reviews regarding the comparison the effectiveness of interventions to prevent pressure injuries. METHOD: Overview of systematic reviews conducted in accordance with Cochrane guidelines. A search was performed in databases, repositories and systematic review registration sites. RESULTS: 15 reviews were included in this overview. The sensitivity analysis showed a reduction in the incidence of pressure injuries with nutritional supplementation compared to the standard hospital diet (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.83; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.72-0.95). There was evidence of the superiority of constant low-pressure surfaces (RR = 0.38; 95% CI;0.24-0.61), alternating pressure devices (RR = 0.31; 95% CI:0.17-0.58) and alternative foams (RR = 0.40; 95% CI:0.21-0.74) when compared to the standard hospital mattress or standard foam. The use of a silicone cover reduced the incidence of pressure injuries by 75% (RR = 0.25; 95%CI:0.16-0.41) when compared to no cover. CONCLUSION: Although some interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of pressure injury, the evidence is limited or very limited and subject to change. Registration CRD42017064586.

Pressure injury prevention measures: overview of systematic reviews / Medidas de prevención de las lesiones por presión: overview de revisiones sistemáticas / Medidas de prevenção de lesão por pressão: overview derevisões sistemáticas

ABSTRACT Objective: Summarizing the evidence from systematic reviews regarding the comparison the effectiveness of interventions to prevent pressure injuries. Method: Overview of systematic reviews conducted in accordance with Cochrane guidelines. A search was performed in databases, repositories and systematic review registration sites. Results: 15 reviews were included in this overview. The sensitivity analysis showed a reduction in the incidence of pressure injuries with nutritional supplementation compared to the standard hospital diet (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.83; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.72-0.95). There was evidence of the superiority of constant low-pressure surfaces (RR = 0.38; 95% CI;0.24-0.61), alternating pressure devices (RR = 0.31; 95% CI:0.17-0.58) and alternative foams (RR = 0.40; 95% CI:0.21-0.74) when compared to the standard hospital mattress or standard foam. The use of a silicone cover reduced the incidence of pressure injuries by 75% (RR = 0.25; 95%CI:0.16-0.41) when compared to no cover. Conclusion: Although some interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of pressure injury, the evidence is limited or very limited and subject to change. Registration CRD42017064586.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Resumir las pruebas de las revisiones sistemáticas sobre la comparación de la efectividad de las intervenciones para prevenir las lesiones por presión. Método: Resumen de las revisiones sistemáticas realizadas de acuerdo con las recomendaciones Cochrane. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos, repositorios y sitios de registro de revisiones sistemáticas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 revisiones en esta revisión. El análisis de sensibilidad mostró una reducción de la incidencia de lesiones por presión con la suplementación nutricional en comparación con la dieta hospitalaria estándar (riesgo relativo [RR] = 0,83; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 0,72-0,95). Hubo pruebas de la superioridad de las superficies de baja presión constante (RR=0,38; IC del 95%:0,24-0,61), los dispositivos de presión alternante (RR = 0,31; IC del 95%:0,17-0,58) y las espumas alternativas (RR = 0,40; IC del 95%:0,21-0,74) en comparación con el colchón hospitalario estándar o la espuma estándar. El uso de una funda de silicona redujo la incidencia de lesiones por presión en un 75% (RR = 0,25; IC del 95%:0,16-0,41) en comparación con la ausencia de funda. Conclusión: Aunque algunas intervenciones han demostrado ser eficaces para reducir la incidencia de lesiones por presión, las pruebas son limitadas o muy limitadas y están sujetas a cambios. Registro CRD42017064586.

RESUMO Objetivo: Sumarizar as evidências de revisões sistemáticas sobre a comparação da efetividade de intervenções para prevenção de lesão por pressão. Método: Overview de revisões sistemáticas conduzida de acordo com as recomendações Cochrane. Realizou-se busca em bases de dados, repositórios e site de registro de revisões sistemáticas. Resultados: Foram incluídas 15 revisões nesta overview. A análise de sensibilidade demonstrou redução na incidência de lesão por pressão com a suplementação nutricional comparada a dieta hospitalar padrão (Risco Relativo (RR) = 0,83; Intervalo de Confiança(IC) 95%:0,72-0,95). Evidenciaram-se superioridade das superfícies de baixa pressão constante (RR = 0,38; IC 95%;0,24-0,61), dos dispositivos de pressão alternada (RR = 0,31; IC95%:0,17-0,58) e das espumas alternativas (RR = 0,40; IC95%:0,21-0,74) quando comparadas ao colchão hospitalar padrão ou de espuma padrão. O uso de cobertura de silicone reduziu em 75% a incidência de lesão por pressão (RR = 0,25; IC95%:0,16-0,41) quando comparada a nenhuma cobertura. Conclusão: Embora algumas intervenções demonstrem-se efetivas na redução da incidência da lesão por pressão, as evidências são limitadas ou muito limitadas e sujeitas a alteração. Registro CRD42017064586.

Effect of Photobiomodulation on Repairing Pressure Ulcers in Adult and Elderly Patients: A Systematic Review.

Evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the treatment of pressure ulcers in adults and the elderly. Systematic review, based on the recommendations of the handbook, proposed by Cochrane. The search was carried out in databases, records of randomized clinical trials, list of references cited in the selected articles, as well as a manual search in meetings and specialized journals. A total of 1342 studies were identified, 18 were preselected and 5 were included in this review. Clinical heterogeneity of the participants was observed, in addition to variation in the laser parameters and predominance of studies of low methodological quality. PBMT with the use of laser (658 nm; 4 J cm-2 ;50 mw) showed complete wound healing (P < 0.001) when compared to lasers (990 nm and 808 nm). However, there was no statistically significant difference in relation to time to complete wound healing and in area reduction compared to standard care. PBMT in the infrared wavelength showed efficacy in the healing of the pressure ulcer, similar to the standard care presented in the different studies. PBMT (658 nm) was effective in promoting healing when compared to standard care. Laser can be a therapy of choice in the treatment of pressure ulcers, since no evidence has been found to refute its clinical application.

[Effectiveness of enteral nutritional therapy in the healing process of pressure ulcers: a systematic review]. / Efetividade da terapia nutricional enteral no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of enteral nutritional therapy (ENT) in the healing process of pressure ulcers (PU) in adults and the elderly. METHOD: A systematic review whose studies were identified through the databases of Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and manual searches. It included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) without delimiting the period or language of publication, which addressed adults and elderly patients with pressure ulcers in a comparative treatment of enteral nutritional therapy and placebo or between enteral nutritional therapy with different compositions and dosages. RESULTS: We included ten studies that considered different interventions. It resulted in more pressure ulcers healed in the groups that received the intervention. The included studies were heterogeneous with regard to patients, the type of intervention, the sample and the follow-up period, all of which made meta-analysis impossible. CONCLUSION: Although the enteral nutritional therapy demonstrates a promotion of pressure ulcer healing, sufficient evidence to confirm the hypothesis was not found.

Effectiveness of Enteral Nutritional Therapy in the Healing Process of Pressure Ulcers: A Systematic Review / Efectividad de la terapia de nutrición enteral en el proceso de cicatrización de las úlceras por presión: revisión sistemática / Efetividade da terapia nutricional enteral no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão: revisão sistemática

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of enteral nutritional therapy (ENT) in the healing process of pressure ulcers (PU) in adults and the elderly. METHOD A systematic review whose studies were identified through the databases of Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and manual searches. It included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) without delimiting the period or language of publication, which addressed adults and elderly patients with pressure ulcers in a comparative treatment of enteral nutritional therapy and placebo or between enteral nutritional therapy with different compositions and dosages. RESULTS We included ten studies that considered different interventions. It resulted in more pressure ulcers healed in the groups that received the intervention. The included studies were heterogeneous with regard to patients, the type of intervention, the sample and the follow-up period, all of which made meta-analysis impossible. CONCLUSION Although the enteral nutritional therapy demonstrates a promotion of pressure ulcer healing, sufficient evidence to confirm the hypothesis was not found. .

OBJETIVO Evaluar la efectividad de la terapia de nutrición enteral en el proceso de cicatrización de las úlceras por presión en adultos y ancianos MÉTODO Revisión sistemática cuyos estudios fueron identificados por medio de las bases de datos Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, y por búsqueda manual. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos randomizados, sin delimitación de período e idioma de la publicación, que abordaron a pacientes adultos y ancianos portadores de úlceras por presión, en tratamiento comparativo entre terapia de nutrición enteral y placebo o entre terapia de nutrición enteral con distintas composiciones y dosificaciones. RESULTADOS Fueron incluidos diez estudios, que contemplaron diferentes intervenciones. Señalaron mayor cantidad de úlceras por presión cicatrizadas en los grupos que recibieron la intervención. Los estudios incluidos fueron heterogéneos con relación a los pacientes, la clase de intervención, la muestra y el tiempo de seguimiento, y los aspectos que hicieron inviable el metanálisis. CONCLUSIÓN Aunque la terapia de nutrición enteral demuestre favorecer la cicatrización de la úlcera por presión, no se encontraron evidencias suficientes para confirmar dicha hipótesis. .

OBJETIVO Avaliar a efetividade da terapia nutricional enteral no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão em adultos e idosos. MÉTODO Revisão sistemática cujos estudos foram identificados por meio das bases de dados Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, e por busca manual. Incluíram-se ensaios clínicos randomizados, sem delimitação de período e idioma da publicação, que abordaram pacientes adultos e idosos portadores de úlceras por pressão, em tratamento comparativo entre terapia nutricional enteral e placebo ou entre terapia nutricional enteral com diferentes composições e dosagens. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos dez estudos, que contemplaram diferentes intervenções. Apontaram maior número de úlceras por pressão cicatrizadas nos grupos que receberam a intervenção. Os estudos incluídos foram heterogêneos em relação aos pacientes, ao tipo de intervenção, à amostra e ao tempo de seguimento, aspectos que inviabilizaram a metanálise. CONCLUSÃO Embora a terapia nutricional enteral demonstre favorecer a cicatrização de úlcera por pressão, não foram encontradas evidências suficientes para confirmar essa hipótese. .